Legendary Kings of Norse Mythology and Germanic Legend
The annals of Norse mythology and Germanic legend are populated by a vast array of kings and chieftains. While many of these figures exist primarily in the realm of myth, some, such as Hygelac, are believed to have been historical figures. Because these accounts are spread across various sagas and poems, the exact order of succession is often uncertain, and in many cases, it is unclear if these individuals ever lived in reality.
Key Facts
- Hygelac is one of the few figures likely to have a historical basis.
- The Hrethelings were the kings of the Geats, as detailed in the epic poem Beowulf.
- The Ylfings (or Wulfings) ruled East Götaland during the 6th and 7th centuries.
- The Battle of Bråvalla, though poorly attested historically, is a legendary 8th-century conflict between the kings of Sweden and Denmark.
- Many legendary figures appear across multiple sources, including the Gesta Danorum and various Norse sagas.
The Diverse Lineages of Germanic Legend
Various figures appear across different literary traditions, often overlapping in their roles as rulers of early Germanic territories. For instance, Dag is noted as a contemporary of Yngvi-Frey in Gamla Uppsala within the Sturlaugs saga. Similarly, Gizur is recorded in the Hervarar saga as a 4th-century figure who assisted the Goths in their battles against the Huns.
Other notable figures include Gauti, who may be the same person as Gaut, the father of Gautrek in the Ynglinga saga. This lineage extends to Ring, king of East Götaland in the Bósa saga ok Herrauds, and his son Herrauðr. Other figures mentioned in various sources include Gautrekr, Ketill Gautreksson, and Hrólfr Gautreksson.
The Gesta Danorum introduces Gestiblindus and Yngwin (also known as Yngve), a 5th-century figure, as well as Siward, who lived during the time of Yngwin's grandson. Additionally, the Norse sagas mention Algaut (dating to either the 4th or 7th century) and Thorir, the brother of Bödvar Bjarki and Elgfróði.
The Siklings
The Sikling lineage includes Sigar, the father of Siggeir. Genealogically, Sigar corresponds to Yngwin, the king of Götaland in the Gesta Danorum. His son, Siggeir, is identified as a 5th-century king of Götaland in the Volsunga saga.
The Hrethelings: Kings of the Geats
The Hrethelings are prominently featured in the poem Beowulf. This dynasty's internal relationships are complex; for example, the connection between Swerting and Hreðel is ambiguous, with Swerting potentially being Hreðel's father, brother-in-law, or a relative.
The succession of the Hrethelings includes Hreðel's sons, Hæþcyn (who died around 514 or 515) and Hygelac (who died in 516). Hygelac was succeeded by his son Heardred, who died around 530. The legendary hero Beowulf, nephew of Hygelac, is said to have died around 580, with Wiglaf noted as his kinsman.
Hretheling Genealogy Summary
| Figure | Relationship/Role | Approximate Date of Death |
|---|---|---|
| Swerting | Relative of Hreðel | Unknown |
| Hreðel | King | Unknown |
| Hæþcyn | Son of Hreðel | 514–515 |
| Hygelac | Son of Hreðel | 516 |
| Heardred | Son of Hygelac | ca. 530 |
| Beowulf | Nephew of Hygelac | ca. 580 |
The Ylfings (Wulfings) of East Götaland
The Ylfings, also known as Wulfings, were kings of East Götaland. Helm is mentioned in Widsith as an early 6th-century king, with a possible reign between 475 and 530. He is likely the ancestor of several later 7th-century rulers.
Among these descendants were Högne, the father-in-law of Granmar, and Hjörvard, who married Granmar's daughter, Hildagun. The lineage continues with Hjörmund, son of Hjörvard and grandson of Högne, who was granted the throne by the grandfather of Ivar Harold Wartooth. Another figure, Helgi Ylfing, is recorded as the killer of Högne, his sons, and the sons of Granmar.
The Battle of Bråvalla
The Battle of Bråvalla is a legendary conflict chronologically assigned to the 8th century. While historically poorly attested, it is described as taking place between West and East Götaland. The battle pitted Sigurd Hring, the "King of Sweden" who ruled West Götaland, against Harald Wartooth, the "King of Denmark," whose realm included East Götaland.
Frequently Asked Questions
Which of these legendary kings was likely a historical person?
Hygelac is the figure most likely to have been a historical person, despite appearing in legendary contexts.
Who were the Hrethelings?
The Hrethelings were the kings of the Geats, as depicted in the epic poem Beowulf.
What was the significance of the Battle of Bråvalla?
It was a legendary 8th-century battle fought between Sigurd Hring (King of Sweden/West Götaland) and Harald Wartooth (King of Denmark/East Götaland).
Who were the Ylfings?
The Ylfings, or Wulfings, were a dynasty of kings who ruled East Götaland, including figures such as Helm, Högne, and Hjörvard.
How is Beowulf related to the Hretheling kings?
Beowulf was the nephew of King Hygelac.